Extemp Questions 2025 December

• Should India have a permanent seat on the UN Security Council?
• Is the international threat posed by North Korea growing?
• Will the second Trump presidency do permanent damage to the institutional norms of the federal government?
• Will Robert Kennedy Jr. be confirmed by the Senate?
• Will Tulsi Gabbard make it through Senate confirmation?
• Can the global community come to a consensus on tackling plastic pollution?
• Can the Assad regime in Syria survive a renewed rebel offensive?
• Can France’s minority government survive a vote of no confidence?
• Can a politically divided France find a way to deal with its cooking fiscal problems?
• Has too much of the burden for solving climate change been placed onto developing nations?
• Is the US acting too late to counter China’s soft-power influence in sub-Saharan Africa?
• Will South Korea’s President be removed from office?
• What does the future hold for Syria in the short term?
• Can the rise in the value of Bitcoin be sustained?
• Will Russia be able to maintain its influence in Syria after the fall of the Assad regime?
• Is Syria entering a new period of prolonged political turmoil?
• Will the political instability in Japan embolden China?
• Will the fall of the Assad regime embolden Kurdish forces seeking an independent state?
• Will the end of the Assad regime see a change in European migration policy?
• Is a government shutdown in France inevitable?
• Will a second Trump presidency weaken US alliances in Europe?
• Will Trump be able to keep the Republican majority in line with his second term agenda?
• How much power can Russia still wield in the Middle East?
• Will the end of the Assad government mean a quick return for Syrian refugees?
• Is Georgia’s political crisis getting worse?
• Is Syria without Assad headed down the same path as Libya?
• Will early elections create a stable coalition government in Germany?
• Is the far right in Austria gaining more political legitimacy?
• Can Olaf Scholz keep Germany’s far-right out of power?
• Will Olaf Scholz win a second term?
• Will the incoming Congress push through major cuts to Medicaid?
• Can a unified government under Trump successfully push through entitlement reforms?
• Will Congress be able to avoid a government shutdown?
• Is Germany taking the right stance towards support for Ukraine?
• Will the incoming Trump administration take steps towards ending birthright citizenship?
• How long can Ukraine continue to hold territory in Kursk?
• What steps should the incoming Congress take to address the growing problem of homelessness?
• Are global markets being driven too much by the future promise of AI?
• Will Trump be able to bring Republican factions in the House into alignment with his legislative agenda?
• Will the Fed continue to lower interest rates in 2025?
• Is America’s housing market headed for another crash?
• Can China stabilize its real estate sector?
• Is there more the Chinese government should be doing to reduce youth unemployment?
• Will Biden finalize the Equal Right Amendment before he leaves office?
• Will the loss of Russian gas push Europe to provide more support to Ukraine?
• Does Pakistan’s ballistic missile development pose an emerging threat to the US?
• How long can Myanmar’s military junta hold onto power?

Extemp Questions 2024 November

• Will the EU be able to pick up the slack if America pulls its support for Ukraine?
• What will a second Trump term mean for global efforts to reduce carbon emissions?
• Will Trump pardon the January 6th convicts?
• Can the private sector deliver on solutions for addressing climate chnge?
• Will a second Trump term in office deliver on promises to drastically cut federal spending?
• Has the Biden Administration given Netanyahu a pass for humanitarian conditions in Gaza?
• Was the gender gap a decisive factor in the 2024 election?
• What does the 2024 election signal about the political influence of labor unions?
• What lessons should the Democrats learn from the 2024 elections?
• Will the Republican Party take away the right lessons from the 2024 elections?
• What does the Democratic Party go from here?
• Does 2024 signal a long-term political realignment towards the right?
• What will a second Trump term mean for America’s relationship with Europe?
• Will a second Trump presidency see major shirts in America’s foreign policy towards Asia?
• Can a new Prime Minister restore stability to Haiti?
• Will the Senate rubber stamp Trump’s cabinet picks?
• Will Elon Musk’s participation in Trump’s second term pose a legal conflict of interest?
• What can Democrats do to win back working class voters?
• Will 2024 mark a permanent shift in Latino voters support for the Republican Party?
• Can the incoming Administration broker a deal between Israel and Saudi Arabia?
• Will Trump withdraw the US from NATO?
• Will President-elect Trump follow through on his promises for new tariffs?
• Will a Republican-controlled Congress act as any kind of check on a second Trump presidency?
• Is Singapore’s no tolerance approach to drug use too harsh?
• Can Sri Lanka’s new leftist government deliver on promises of economic prosperity?
• Can Sri Lanka’s new government bring political corruption under control?
• Does the US need need stronger mechanisms to prevent and prosecute government corruption?
• Will the ceasefire between Israel and Lebanon hold?
• Is there any future for Hong Kong’s democracy movement?
• Can climate financing for developing nations solve the climate crisis?
• Will the ceasefire in Lebanon reignite the fighting in Syria?
• Has the humanitarian crisis in Sudan become invisible to the international community?
• Will growing unrest in France bring down the minority government?
• Will Germany’s far-right continue to gain popular support?
• Should Japan significantly increase its defense spending?
• Should EU nations drastically increase their defense spending?
• Has irregular migration become an existential threat to the future of the EU?
• Is the Russian public’s support for the war in Ukraine starting to crack?
• Is the fighting in Myanmar near a tipping point for the military junta?
• Are growing maritime conflicts between the Philippines and China approaching a boiling point?
• Does Brazil’s President Lula face an uphill battle in his attempts to curb illegal deforestation?
• Is there more the international community should be doing to enforce sanctions against Russia?

Extemp Questions 2024 Oct

• Will the politIcization of FEMA slow federal aid and emergency response in the future?
• Should the environmental costs of AI be regulated?
• Has Iran's axis of resistance been a failure?
• Should there be an international moratorium on deep sea mining?
• What more can the international community do to prevent the use of child soldiers?
• Will Sudan's neighbors be drawn into the war?
• What can be done to reduce the carbon emissions related to international shipping?
• Is America's ability to influence Israel's actions overstated?
• How should the world engage with the Afghan Taliban?
• Is time running out for Ukraine?
• Is Netanyahu trying to shift the balance of power in the Middle East?
• Does Israel have a plan to get to a day after the war?
• What would a second Trump term mean for the ongoing conflict in the Middle East?
• Should Congress act on national regulation of AI?
• What will Sinwar‘s death mean for the future of Gaza?
• Can new leadership turn Boeing around?
• Will personality matter more than policy in this election cycle?
• Will the youth vote be energized to turn out in this election?
• Can ASEAN work out a plan to address the crisis in Myanmar?
• What should the Biden White House do to de-escalate the conflict in the Middle East?
• Should western economics be more concerned with the rise in the price of gold?
• Will the BRICS+ nations save the Russian economy from western sanctions?
• Is western support for Israel ebbing?
• Is international support for Ukraine slipping?
• What does victory in Lebanon look like for Israel?
• Will Israel be forced into long-term occupation of southern Lebanon?
• Will corruption charges forestall Marine Le Pen’s political future in France?
• Will snap elections give Japan’s LDP an opportunity for a reset?
• What will Moldova's vote mean for its long term EU prospects?
• Will Gen Z voters turn out in 2024?
• What more should Indian authorities be doing to prevent niolent crimes against women?
• Should the US reduce military aid to Israel?
• Should the US cut aid to Lebanon?
• What will the presence of North Korean troops mean for fighting in Ukraine?
• Will the Labour government’s new tax plans slow the UK’s economic growth?
• Does the UK’s Labour government need a new strategy for dealing with irregular migration?
• Has Netanyahu abandoned the Gaza hostages?
• Can diplomacy bring the Middle East back from the brink?
• Is a political solution for the Palestinians still possible?
• Is a larger war in Lebanon inevitable?
• Can BRICS+ nations displace the dollar’s dominance in global markets?
• Will Elon Musk face legal consequences for his PAC’s elections giveaway?
• Is Elon Musk’s brand permanently tied to Donald Trump?
• Can anything be done to bridge the growing rift between Canada and India?
• What comes next for the political opposition in Georgia?
• What can Japan’s LDP do to win back the public’s trust?
• How will election losses reshape Japan’s LDP going forward?
• What more can be done to prevent Russia from interfering in European elections?
• Will new tariffs on electric vehicles spark a trade war between China and the EU?
• Should the US take a more active role in fighting Mexico’s drug cartels?
• Should the US military presence in Ecuador be expanded to fight the drug gangs?
• Has the hybrid work environment become a permanent part of America’s economy?
• Is Europe moving too slowly in adapting to the effects of climate change?
• Does the Rajapaksa family still have a political future in Sri Lanka?
• Will the international community be able to hold to their pledges on reducing the loss of biodiversity?

Extemp 2024 Sept.

• What can be done to reconcile partisan polarization in American politics?
• Will Republicans maintain control of the House in November?
• Has America become desensitized to school shootings?
• What key issues will drive voter turnout in November?
• Has Eastern Germany been left behind by the German government?
• Are tariffs still an effective tool to manage trade with China?
• Will Trump’s inconsistency on the abortion issue turn away Evangelical voters in November?
• Will renewed college protests over Gaza find any success?
• Have the Democrats done enough to win over voters who had soured on President Biden?
• Is there more the US should do to prevent Israeli settler violence in the West Bank?
• Will the Presidential race drive down-ticket voting in November?
• Will new state-level election rules jeopardize the public's trust in the 2024 election?
• What should be done to reverse the high turnover of states’ election workers?
• Will state-level ballot measures over abortion access drive up Democratic turnout in key battlegrounds of 2024?
• Has Israel begun to lose the support of its international allies?
• Will judicial reforms in Mexico solve for any of the rampant government corruption?
• What should Mexico expect from a new President?
• Will China continue to grow its direct foreign investment in Africa?
• Can anything be done to better control migrant crossing in the English channel?
• What more should Congress do to address the mental health crisis across America?
• Will the people of Haiti have a real voice in the future of their government?
• Can France’s new Prime Minister avoid a vote of no confidence?
• Oes Africahave a problem with gender-based violence?
• Is Haiti’s provisional government making progress controlling gang violence?
• Should the Labour government make it easier for migrants to cross legally to the UK?
• Is there a cure for France’s political woes?
• Has leading France an impossible job?
• Can the international community get the spread of mpox under control in Africa?
• Will the ongoing conflict in the DRC make the regional spread of mpox impossible to control?
• Should the US be doing more to pressure the Maduro government over Venezuela’s contested election?
• What can the international community do to improve access to humanitarian relief in Sudan?
• Is Bibi Netanyahu putting his political concerns over the return of The Gaza hostages?
• Will the exile of Edmundo Gonzalez to Spain put an end to the political opposition in Venezuela?
• Can widespread famine be averted in Sudan?
• Do large protests in Israel mark a major shift in public opinion towards the Netanyahu government?
• Will China’s decision to stop international adoptions have long-term consequences for its global relationships?
• Is Xi taking the right steps to turn around China’s economy?
• Was it a mistake for Ukraine to launch an incursion across the Russian border?
• Will the Harris-Trump debate change the minds of any voters?
• Is the Fed moving too slowly in lowering interest rates?
• Do traditional conservatives still have a home within Trump’s Republican Party?
• Will Special Counsel Jack Smith be able to move forward with the cases against Donald Trump?
• Are social media companies doing too little to stop the online spread of child sexual abuse material?
• Should Germany change how it deals with irregular migration?
• Is America complicit in Israeli settler violence in the West Bank?
• Is climate change already an existential threat for Pacific Island nations?
• Is the Nigerian government making progress turning around the economy?
• Does Taylor Swift’s endorsement of Harris matter?
• Is this the right time for Africa to have permanent representation in the UN Security Council?
• Should the Biden White House lift restrictions on Ukraine’s use of US-provided weapons?
• Will electing judges make corruption worse in Mexico?
• Does AMLO leave a positive legacy in Mexico?
• Is Lukasheko signaling that Belarus is ready to engage with the West?
• Does Putin have an endgame for Ukraine?
• Would a second Trump term see a major push towards privatization of primary and secondary education?
• Can Congress avoid a government shutdown?
• Will foreign interference play a major role in the November elections?
• Would long-range missile strikes in Russia be able to turn the tide of the war in Ukraine’s favor?
• Will attacks by Israel and Hezbollah escalate into a full-scale war?
• Will the Fed make further rate cuts this year?
• Does the passing of Alberto Fujimori offer a chance for political reconciliation in Peru?
• Will Mexico’s new President be able to make real progress in the fight against the powerful drug cartels?
• Can the Harris-Walz keep up its momentum into November?
• What should be done to reverse Argentina's economic woes?
• Is the risk of a wider war in the Middle East growing?
• What will the Fed’s rate cut mean for the 2024 elections?
• Is JD Vance an effective messenger for the Trump campaign?
• Is political discourse in America starting to get better?
• What can Congress do to curb the rising cost of child care?
• What can be done to curb the rising costs of higher education in America?
• Will strict controls on housing construction be enough to save the Chinese economy?
• What will snap elections mean for Japan’s political future?
• Is the US finally gaining ground against fentanyl on the streets?
• Can the US keep a larger war from breaking out across the Middle East?
• Will elections in Kashmir bring any real change?
• What should the Sri Lankan public expect from their new President?
• Will the courts uphold the TikTok ban?
• How much do celebrity endorsements matter in Presidential elections?
• Can Japan’s LDP successfully reinvent itself?
• Does Japan need to make changes to open up its immigration?
• Is the international community making progress in restoring security to Haiti?
• Will there be another Presidential debate before the election?

Extemp 2024 August

 Apologies, I thought this list was published last month but it was still in draft...and none of you bothered to tell me....

• Is Iran headed towards war with Israel?
• Will Congress take up any of President Biden’s proposed court reforms?
• Has the war in Gaza strengthened America’s relationship with Israel?
• Is Supreme Court reform politically feasible in the near term?
• Has the Fed waited too long to cut interest rates?
• Will the new French government be able to hold together despite political disagreements?
• What is an appropriate remedy for the monopoly decision against Google?
• Should the US limit the production of single-user plastics?
• What comes next for Bangladesh?
• Should student leaders be given a seat at the table in determining Bangladesh’s new government?
• Is the Labour government doing enough to handle violent riots sparking across the UK?
• What would a second Trump term mean for the US economy?
• Is direct air capture ready for widespread use in reducing global carbon emissions?
• Are rebel groups gaining the upper hand against the Myanmar’s military junta?
• Will US policy towards Israel be an important factor in the November election?
• Is Russia’s influence in the Sahel growing?
• Is the tactic of hostage diplomacy working for Vladimir Putin?
• Can Muhammad Yunus build a stable government in Bangladesh?
• Will Bangladesh’s new leadership be able to keep the public’s trust?
• How much will the VP picks matter in November?
• Will Ukrainian attacks across the border dampen the Russian public’s support for Putin’s war?
• Was the Paris Olympics a success for France?
• Will social media influencers actually influence young voters in November?
• Is a war between Israel and Hezbollah inevitable?
• What will the antitrust decision against Google mean for the future of big tech companies?
• What will the departure of Sheik Hasina mean for the long-term future of Bangladesh?
• Will Democrats be able to keep the Senate majority in November?
• Will the Biden administration’s rules for minimum standards at nursing homes survive legal challenges?
• Will Robert Kennedy Jr’s endorsement make a difference for Donald Trump?
• Can the Harris campaign maintain its political momentum?
• Can Donald Trump win over the independent voters he needs in November?
• Will the Modi government face political consequences for gender-based violence in India?
• Should the US apply more pressure on India over its human rights record?
• Are the world’s coastal cities prepared for the impacts of sea level rise?
• Will Burkina Faso fall to insurgent jihadi forces?
• Can the spread of polio in Gaza be successfully contained?
• Will Pakistan’s migrant deportants make the humanitarian situation in Afghanistan significantly worse?
• Is there anyone who can act as an honest broker between Sudan’s warring sides?
• Can anything be done to bring Sudan’s warring sides to the negotiating table?
• Will the Taliban government in Afghanistan be willing to make any compromises for more aid from the international community?
• Have we reached the final nail in the coffin for women’s rights in Afghanistan?
• Have the Democrats taken black voters for granted?
• Is the Trump campaign making significant inroads with minority voters?
• Will the Trump campaign’s waffling over the issue of abortion drive away suburban voters?
• Can Japan’s LDP change its ways?
• How can the Harris campaign make the best use of President Biden?
• Which campaign benefits more from RFK Jr.’s decision to drop out of the race?

Extemp Questions 2024 July

• Can Cyril Ramaphosa hold his coalition government together?
• Has Marine Le Pen normalized France’s far right?
• Should Joe Biden step aside?
• Does Keir Starmer have the political mandate he needs to make the changes that Labour wants?
• Will electoral loss push the UK’s Tories further to the political right?
• Is the Macron era coming to an end in France?
• What should Labour do to grow the UK economy?
• Where does the UK’s Conservative Party go from here?
• Will Viktor Orban’s term as President undermine solidarity within the EU?
• Should the UK’s new leadership move to rejoin the EU?
• How much farther will maritime conflicts in the South China Sea escalate?
• How much leverage does Pres. Biden have over Netanyahu’s actions in Gaza?
• Has Macron’s snap election gamble paid off?
• Will the spread of anti-LGBTQ legislation threaten future foreign aid and charitable donations to African nations?
• Will Kenya’s President Ruto be forced to resign?
• Will Iran’s new President have the freedom to make any real political reforms?
• How much freedom to operate will Iran’s new President have?
• Will Iran be willing to make nuclear concessions to get sanctions relief?
• What can Nigeria do to reverse the growing problem of brain drain?
• Will the attempted assassination of Donald Trump push the public further to the political extremes?
• Will the attempted assassination of Donald Trump force both sides to lower the temperature on their political rhetoric?
• Will Judge Cannon’s dismissal of the Trump documents case be upheld?
• Will crime be an issue that motivates voter turnout in 2024?
• Will the new Labour government push major changes in the relationship between the UK and EU?
• Why isn’t climate change a more important issue to American voters?
• Is JD Vance an asset or a liability to the Trump campaign?
• What more should Canada do to reckon with its past treatment of indigenous communities?
• Can NATO survive a second Trump presidency?
• Has the federal government done too little to help students recover learning lost during the pandemic?
• What steps should the new Labour government take to tackle the UK’s cost of living crisis?
• Is it time for The Fed to cut interest rates?
• Are Republicans on track for a landslide win in November?
• Will the attempted assassination of Donald Trump spark more political violence?
• Will President Biden’s decision to withdraw from the race improve the Democrats’ chances in November?
• Is violence against women being ignored in Kenya?
• Are drastic civil service reforms needed in Bangladesh?
• Will protests in Bangladesh force major political changes?
• Is the Trump campaign prepared to run against Kamala Harris?
• Will the Paris Olympics be able to meet its carbon emissions goals?
• Does the federal government need to do more to mitigate the threat posed by wildfires in the American west?
• How big of a role will online disinformation play in the 2024 elections?
• Will violent protests in Bangladesh continue to escalate?
• Have America’s labor unions regained their political clout?
• Can the international community do more to stop Russian attacks against civilian targets in Ukraine?
• How long will it take to form a new government in France?
• What steps should be taken to secure NATO against a possible second Trump term?
• Has France become ungovernable?
• Can Haiti’s new government bring the gangs under control?
• Is Hamas losing the support of the Palestinian people?
• Is a Gaza hostage deal on the horizon?
• What will the Supreme Court’s immunity decision mean for the remaining Trump indictments?
• Will Venezuela’s President Maduro secure another term in office?
• Is Japan becoming more accepting of foreign workers?
• How long can Ukraine continue to mobilize enough troops to keep fighting?
• Is President Milei starting to get Argentina’s economy under control?
• Is Argentina losing patience with Milei’s economic shock therapy?
•  Will President Biden’s decision to drop out of the 2024 race secure or tarnish his legacy?
• Are free and fair elections possible in Venezuela?
• Will fighting between Israel and Hezbollah break out into a larger regional war?
• Will the Harris campaign bring new energy and enthusiasm to the Democrats?
• What can Nigeria do to bring inflation under control?
• Can the US convince Netanyahu to agree to a ceasefire?
• Will Israel put new settlements in Gaza?
• Will Venezuela’s security forces continue to back President Nicolas Maduro?
• Will an overhaul of US forces improve the military’s relationship with the government of Japan?
• How will the disagreement over Venezuela’s election be resolved?

Extemp Questions 2024 June

•  Has partisan polarization made the Presidential debates irrelevant?
• Is an all out war between Israel and Hezbollah on the horizon?
• Has Narendra Modi’s star begun to fade?
• Will a third term in office for Modi see India become even more authoritarian?
• Is the UN still fit for purpose?
• How closely will Mexico’s new President follow AMLO’s policy programs?
• Does the international community have any leverage to improve conditions for Afghan women?
• Should Ukraine be worried about fatigue setting in among its European allies?
• Does Labour have a realistic plant to grow the UK economy?
• What can Mexico’s new President do to bring drug and gang violence under control?
• Will Hunter Biden’s legal troubles cast a shadow over his father’s campaign?
• Have House Republicans overplayed their hand in continuing to pursue President Biden’s impeachment?
• Should the US be doing more to regulate cryptocurrencies?
• Will labor strikes in Nigeria result in higher wages?
• What kind of coalition will replace the ANC’s majority in South Africa?
• What can President Ruto do to calm the protests in Kenya?
• What will Modi’s reelection mean for India’s global relationships?
• Will President Biden’s executive order on immigration stand up to legal challenges?
• What can the Democrats do to build enthusiasm and voter turnout in November?
• Is the Trump campaign winning over swing voters?
• Will delays in Donald Trump’s pending trials work to his political advantage in November?
• Is the American public ready to make climate change a key voting issue?
• Can the international community build the political will to adequately tackle climate change?
• Will a coalition government moderate the BJP’s political goals going forward?
• What more can the US do to pressure Nigeria into addressing online fraud and sextortion?
• Can anything be done to curb the rampant government corruption in South Africa?
• Should the US require some form of national service?
• Did Rishi Sunak make a mistake in calling for new elections now?
• What will the death of Ebrahim Raisi mean for Iran’s political future?
• Should Congress take steps to address ethics issues on the Supreme Court?
• Is there more the Biden campaign should be doing to win over never-Trump Republican voters?
• Is Netanyahu prolonging the war in Gaza for his own political survival?
• Will Hunter Biden’s convection matter to voters in November?
• Will Donald Trump’s conviction matter to voters in November?
• Has the war in Gaza done long-term damage to Israel’s standing on the international stage?
• Can the world achieve net-zero carbon emissions in time?
• Does the EU face an existential crisis?
• Will Macron’s gamble in calling snap elections pay off?
• Will the Supreme Court’s decision to overturn the Trump-era bump-stock ban trigger Congress to take any new steps on gun control?
• Will Benny Gantz’s resignation from the war cabinet push Israel further to the right?
• What will gains by the far-right mean for the future of the EU parliament?
• Is a major political shift to the right on the horizon for the EU?
• Will Macron’s decision to call snap elections empower the far-right in France?
• Will Trump face prison time in New York?
• What can be done to increase enforcement of international sanctions against Russia?
• Has the war in Ukraine already done long-term damage to the Russian economy?
• Is the war in Ukraine distracting Putin from more important security threats?
• What can Congress do to ease the skyrocketing cost of childcare in the US?
• Is Congress doing enough to keep up with AI?
• Does Biden need to change his strategy for dealing with Bibi Netanyahu?
• Will the future of the Supreme Court be a key voting issue in November?
• What is the best path forward for South Africa’s ANC Party?
• What’s driving younger voters towards the populist right in Europe?
• Will cuts to bread subsidies lead to violence in the streets of Egypt?
• Can anything be done to bring the warring sides in Sudan to the negotiating table?
• Has Donald Trump completed his takeover of the Republican Party?
• How strong is the alliance between Russia and North Korea?
• Is China’s treatment of the Uyghur minority getting worse?
• Can Myanmar’s military junta continue to hold onto power?
• What can South Africa’s coalition government do to tackle unemployment?
• Would a second Trump presidency follow through on the Project 2025 plans?
• Should the US expand legal pathways for migrant labor?
• Should the federal government do more to protect American business from cyberattacks?
• Has Congress given up on addressing the problem of homelessness?
• Does the new treaty with Russia increase the threat posed by North Korea?
• Will the UK’s Labour Party secure a landslide electoral win?
• Has Marine Le Pen successfully de-demonized France’s far-right?
• Should Social Media platforms have a warning label?
• Will Nigel Farage’s decision to stand for office hurt the Tories’ electoral changes?
• Will Turkey’s Erdogan move to restore diplomatic ties with Syria?
• Will Turkey continue to pursue EU membership?
• What can the Democrats do to build voter enthusiasm and turnout in November?
• What can be done to improve the distribution of aid in Gaza?
• Will the Supreme Court’s decision to overturn Chevron bring an end to the administrative state?
• What steps can President Ruto take to address Kenya's growing debt problems?
• What does Modi 3.0 signal for India’s future?